10 MCQ on Communication System
Ten (10) questions will be randomly selected from a question bank. Thus you may face different questions on same test in different attempts.
10 MCQ on EM Waves
This is a simple test on EM Wave. If score below 8 you need to read text once again with more care. If you score above 8 you are on right track and you may start practicing harder problems.
10 MCQ on Ray Optics
This is a simple test on Ray Optics. If score below 8 you need to read text once again with more care. If you score above 8 you are on right track and you may start practicing harder problems.
Reflection
Laws of Reflection
1. The angle of
reflection (the angle between reflected ray and the normal to the
reflecting surface or the mirror) equals the angle of incidence (angle
between incident ray and the normal).
2. The incident
ray, reflected ray and the normal to the reflecting surface at the point
of incidence lie in the same plane.
Spherical mirror
A spherical mirror is a mirror which has the
shape of a piece cut out of a spherical surface. There are two types of
spherical mirrors: concave,
and convex.
Radius of Curvature
The
distance from the pole to the center of curvature is called the radius of
curvature (R).
Focus
If parallel beams of light parallel to the principal axis
incidents on a spherical mirror the reflected rays would converge
or appear to diverge from a point on the principal axis and the point
is called focal point of that spherical mirror. The plane normal to the
principal axis at focal point is called the focal plane of the
mirror.
The distance between the focus F and the pole P of the
mirror is called the focal length of the
mirror, denoted by f.
f = R/2
Rules of Rays
- The ray from the point which is parallel to
the principal axis. The reflected ray goes through the focus of
the mirror.
- The ray passing through the centre of curvature of
a concave mirror or appearing to pass through it for a convex mirror.
The reflected ray simply retraces the path.
- The ray passing through the focus of the
concave mirror or appearing to pass through the focus of a
convex mirror. The reflected ray is parallel to the principal axis.
- The ray incident at any angle at the pole. The
reflected ray follows laws of reflection.
Mirror Image & Mirror Equation
The mirror equation gives
the relation between the object distance (u), image distance (v) and the
focal length (f).
1/v + 1/u = 1/f
Linear Magnification (m) is defined as the ratio of the
height of the image (h') to the height of the object (h).
m = h'/h = -v/u
Sign Convention
1. All distances
are measured from the pole of the mirror or the optical centre of the
lens.
2. The
distances measured in the same direction as the incident light are
taken as positive and those measured in the direction opposite to the
direction of incident light are taken as negative.
3. The heights measured
upwards with respect to the principal axis of the mirrors or lenses are
taken as positive. The heights measured downwards are taken as
negative.
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